Japanese propaganda was not a new invention to be used only against the United States. Radio Free Europe filled the airwaves with pro-western speech as a counter to communist expansion and diatribes about the ‘otherness’ of enemy societies. Seuss, wrote stories stereotyping, demeaning, and demonizing the Japanese, complete with insulting and offensive illustrations. Theodore Geisel, beloved to Western children as Dr. In a notable example, a training film warns young GIs that German women do not share a natural capacity for human ethics common to higher civilizations and therefore must be avoided. Smith Goes to Washington, also directed wartime films demonizing the Germanic personality. In America, Frank Capra, director of beloved films such as It’s a Wonderful Life and Mr. Every nation involved in the Second World War, whether of the Allies or Axis, possessed an agency devoted to the mission of demoralizing and misleading the enemy, and virtually all artistic genres participated. However, its potential for mass psychological impact created a new paradigm with the invention of modern electronic communications. The subtle art of propaganda campaigns directed against one’s enemies has been a feature of war since ancient times. *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading *Includes contemporary accounts about Iva Toguri and her trial
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